Overview:
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are stem cells derived from the
inner cell mass of a blastocyst, which is a stage reach 4-5 days post
fertilization. They are the most pluripotent of all stem cell types and
can develop into over 200 different cell types of the human body,
providing tremendous therapeutic potential.
Human
ESCs were first derived from mouse embryos in 1981 by Martin Evans and
Matthew Kaufman, and independently by Gail R. Martin. In 1995, the first
successful culturing of primate embryonic stem cells occurred at the
University of Wisconsin-Madison. Another breakthrough followed at the
University of Wisconsin-Madison in November 1998 when a group led by Dr.
James Thomson developed a technique to isolate and grow human embryonic
stem cells derived from human blastocysts.
As
a result of these significant accomplishments at the University of
Wisconsin, the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF) filed a
series of landmark patents that have affected the intellectual property
landscape ever since. These “composition of matter” patents concerning
primate embryonic stem cells are controversial because they are so broad
that they cover all human embryonic stem cell lines in the United
States, not just the specific stem cell lines developed by James
Thompson.
Since
this time, WARF has been the major “gatekeeper” determining which
research product companies have been allowed to conduct research and
create commercial products using hESCs. WARF has also been in control of
what pharmaceutical companies have been able to develop hESC therapies.
Since obtaining its landmark patents in 1998, WARF has only entered
into licensing agreements with 27 commercial partners for its
intellectual portfolio related to isolating and differentiating hESCs,
of which only 15 have been disclosed. 300 academic laboratories have
also received agreements for using the technology without charge.
The
low number of licensing agreements suggests that many companies find
WARF’s licensing fees to be unwieldy, which isn’t surprising given that
disclosed fees have ranged from $75,000 to more than $250,000, plus
annual payments and royalties. While Invitrogen, Becton Dickinson and
Chemicon have disclosed licensing agreements with WARF, many research
products companies have to explore less costly alternatives – such as
circumventing the claims, conducting research off-shore, potential use
of abnormal karyotypes, developing embryonic stem cell products for
other species, and pursuing strategic collaborations.
This
market report explores the complex IP landscape affecting development
of human embryonic stem cell products, providing clear guidance for
companies that want enter the product area.
In addition, it contains:
For more information, please visit:
http://www.aarkstore.com/reports/Opportunities-in-Human-Embryonic-Stem-Cell-hESC-Products-32477.html
Or email us at press@aarkstore.com or call +919272852585
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